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Inflammation and Cytokines

Cytokines such as interferon-gamma (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukins (IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) are produced de novo in various cells as a direct response to stimulation of the immune system.
 Cytokines 
Pro-Inflammatory
Cytokines are signaling proteins and glycoproteins involved in cellar communication. They are produced by a wide variety of cells and are typically subdivided into two categories, Th1 &Th2.

A balance between Th1 and Th2 responses is best for optimal health.
Th1 cytokines tend to produce the pro-inflammatory responses involved in antibacterial and antiviral responses. Excessive Th1 responses can lead to uncontrolled tissue damage and may perpetuate autoimmune responses. A relative excess in Th1 is observed in acute inflammation.

Th2 cytokines tend to produce anti-inflammatory responses and can counteract the Th1 mediated microbicidal actions. Excessive Th2 responses are associated with allergies and atopy (asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis & allergic conjunctivitis). A relative excess in Th2 is observed in chronic inflammation.


















Common Cytokine Imbalances

Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance with a relative excess of Th1. This type of imbalance is often seen in acute inflammation. Th1up-Th2down
The uncontrolled and excessive Th1 cytokines may often destroy tissues throughout the body and precipitate autoimmune disease in susceptible individuals.
Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance with a relative excess of Th2. This type of imbalance is often seen in acute inflammation. Th1-imbalance
An excess of Th2 cytokines may overly suppress microbicidal actions of Th1 cytokines. Allergies may result from excessive Th2 activity, and can often result in atopic conditions in susceptible individuals.



 

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